Programming

A trie is a tree that indexes words letter by letter instead of using a full hash. Here’s how the structure behind instant autocomplete, spell checking, and IP routing works internally, with code examples in JavaScript and Python.

Generators in Python let you iterate over large sequences without loading them fully into memory. This article explains how yield works, when to use it, and how it differs from a list or a regular function.

HTTP/2 replaced HTTP/1.1’s multiple TCP connections with a single connection multiplexed and compressed with HPACK. This guide explains how it works internally, how to configure it in Nginx and Node.js, and when it actually improves a site’s performance.

Server-Sent Events let a server push data to a browser over an HTTP connection that never closes. It’s simpler than WebSocket, comes with automatic reconnection built in, and it’s the same format used by language model streaming APIs.

WebSocket is the protocol that keeps a connection open between browser and server so both sides can send data at any time. This article explains the handshake, frame structure, and how to implement it step by step with Node.js.

The QUIC protocol runs over UDP and eliminates the slow handshake of separate TCP plus TLS negotiations, letting HTTP/3 open connections in a single round trip or even zero. This guide explains how it works internally, how to test it with curl and nginx, and when it makes sense over HTTP/2.